Oral cancer is a serious health concern in Canada, with thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. According to the Network for Canadian Oral Health Research, there were 3,495 new cases of oral cancer across all provinces in 2021.
While many Canadians are aware of the primary risk factors—tobacco and heavy alcohol use—there are several other contributing factors that often fly under the radar. Understanding these less-publicized risks is a crucial step in proactive healthcare and prevention. At Lambton Family Dental, we believe that education is a key component of oral health, which is why we’ve compiled this list of five less-known risk factors for oral cancer.
5 Risk Factors for Oral Cancer
1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
When most people hear about the human papillomavirus (HPV), they typically associate it with cervical cancer. However, certain strains of this common virus, particularly HPV-16, are now recognized as a major cause of oropharyngeal cancers—cancers that affect the back of the throat, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils. In fact, HPV is now a leading cause of these types of cancers in Canada, especially among younger, non-smoking individuals.
The virus is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. While the body’s immune system clears most HPV infections on its own without causing any health problems, some infections can persist and cause cellular changes that may eventually lead to cancer. The rise of HPV-related oral cancers underscores the importance of discussing HPV vaccination with your doctor and maintaining open communication with your dental and medical providers about your health history. Regular dental check-ups are also vital, as dentists are often the first to spot the subtle signs of these cancers.
2. Poor Nutrition
A well-balanced diet is essential for overall health, and its role in cancer prevention is well-documented. A diet lacking in essential nutrients can weaken the immune system and impair the body’s ability to fight off diseases, including cancer. Specifically, studies have shown a link between diets low in fruits and vegetables and an increased risk of oral cancer.
Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants and other protective compounds that can help prevent the cellular damage that leads to cancer. Conversely, a diet high in processed foods and red meats may increase the risk. To help mitigate this risk, focus on incorporating a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables into your daily meals. A “Mediterranean-style” diet, rich in fresh produce, citrus fruits, olive oil, and fish, has been suggested to be protective against many types of cancer, including oral cancer.
3. A Weakened Immune System
Your immune system is your body’s primary defense against infections and diseases, including cancer. When the immune system is compromised, it may not be as effective at detecting and destroying cancer cells or the viruses that can cause them. Individuals with weakened immune systems are, therefore, at a higher risk of developing various cancers, including oral cancer.
Several factors can lead to a suppressed immune system, including certain medical conditions like HIV/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and the use of immunosuppressant drugs. These medications are often prescribed to prevent organ rejection after a transplant or to manage autoimmune conditions. If you have a condition or are taking medication that affects your immune system, it’s crucial to be extra vigilant about your oral health and to inform your dentist of your medical history.
4. Genetic Syndromes
While most cases of oral cancer are linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, a small percentage can be attributed to inherited genetic conditions. Certain rare genetic syndromes can significantly increase an individual’s predisposition to developing oral cancer, often at a younger age than the general population.
Two such conditions are:
- Fanconi Anemia: This is a rare, inherited blood disorder that affects the bone marrow and increases the risk of various cancers, including a significantly higher risk of oral cancer.
- Dyskeratosis Congenita: This is another rare, inherited syndrome that can cause a range of symptoms, including abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and white patches in the mouth, which can be precancerous.
Individuals with a family history of these or other genetic syndromes should discuss their risk with their doctor and dentist. Regular screenings and a heightened awareness of any changes in the mouth are essential for early detection and management.
5. Excessive Sun Exposure
Skin cancer is a well-known consequence of prolonged sun exposure, but many people don’t realize that this risk extends to the lips, making it a risk factor for oral cancer. The lips, particularly the lower lip, are frequently exposed to the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays, and without proper protection, this exposure can lead to the development of lip cancer, a type of oral cancer.
This risk is especially high for individuals who work outdoors or spend a significant amount of time in the sun. The signs of lip cancer can be subtle, often appearing as a sore that doesn’t heal or a patch of rough, scaly skin. To protect yourself, make a habit of applying a lip balm with an SPF of 30 or higher whenever you’re outdoors, even on cloudy days. Wearing a wide-brimmed hat can also provide valuable protection.
Your Partner in Oral Health
Understanding the full spectrum of risk factors for oral cancer is a powerful tool for prevention and early detection. While some of these factors may be less common than others, they are no less important to be aware of. The best defense against oral cancer is a proactive approach to your health, which includes a healthy lifestyle and regular dental check-ups.
At Lambton Family Dental, our family dentist in Sarnia is committed to providing comprehensive oral health care, including regular oral cancer screenings as part of your routine check-up. We are here to answer your questions, address your concerns, and provide you with the knowledge and care you need to maintain a healthy smile for a lifetime.
Don’t wait to prioritize your oral health. Call Lambton Family Dental today at 519-344-5747 to schedule your next appointment and oral cancer screening. Your health is our top priority.